نئی غزل کے نئے روپ
New Forms of Modern Ghazal
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56276/tasdiq.v4i01.97Keywords:
Forms, Modern Ghazal, Globalisation, Anti Ghazal, Free Verse, Emotional GhazalAbstract
Every genre of literature transforms with time through the means of form and content. Ghazal is the most popular and form-based genre of Urdu Literature. Though very confirmed and defined in its structure and form, Ghazal has also changed its structure and form with time. Especially in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, when new experiments are being performed, particularly with the casting of this ancient kind of literature, Ghazal underwent many transformations in the name of modernity. This article encompasses these changes and modernization of Urdu Ghazal in the contemporary era and the near past.
Downloads
References
1. Āṣif Farukhī, “Khuṭbah,” mashmūlah Taḥqīq nāmah, Lahore: Shū‘bah yi Urdū, GC University, 2007, p. 69.
2. Asad Allāh Khān Ghālib, Dīvān i Ghālib, Khazīnah ‘Ilm o Adab, Lahore, 2003, p. 226.
3. ‘Alīm Ṣabā Nawīdī, Na‘tiyah Shā‘irī meṅ Haiyatī Tajribē, Channai: Tamil Nāḍu Urdū Publications, 2006, p. 111.
4. Urdū Ghazal par Bīswin Ṣadī kī Adabī Taḥrīkoṅ aur Rujḥānāt ke Asarāt, ‘Ābid Ḥusain, NAML University, Islāmābād, p. 370.
5. Aslam Kolasarī, Vīrānah, Lahore: Al Qamar Enterprises, 1995, p. 54.
6. Muḥammad Iqbāl Najmī, murattib, Pākistānī Āzād Ghazal, Gujrānwālah: Farogh i Adab Academy, 1995, p. 25.
7. Ṭāriq Hāshimī, Urdū Ghazal: Na’ī Tashkīl, Islāmābād: National Book Foundation, 2008, p. 245.
8. ibid, p. 246.
9. Ẕafar Iqbāl, Raṭab o Yābis, Lahore: Jang Publishers, 1991, pp. 128–129.
10. Ṭāriq Hāshimī, Urdū Ghazal: Na’ī Tashkīl, Islāmābād: National Book Foundation, 2008, p. 251.
11. Qatīl Shifā’ī, Āmokhtah, Lahore: Mavarrā Publishers, s.n., pp. 113–114.
12. Fārigh Bukhārī, Ghazliyah, Lahore: Khālid Academy, 1983, p. 62.
13. Ṭāriq Hāshimī, Urdū Ghazal: Na’ī Tashkīl, Islāmābād: National Book Foundation, 2008, p. 254.
14. ibid, p. 255.
15. ibid, p. 256.
16. Fārigh Bukhārī, Ghazliyah, Lahore: Khālid Academy, 1983, p. 23.
17. ibid, p. 43.
18. ibid, p. 89.
19. ‘Alīm Ṣabā Nawīdī, Na‘tiyah Shā‘irī meṅ Haiyatī Tajribē, Channai: Tamil Nāḍu Urdū Publications, 2006, p. 113.
20. Ṭāriq Hāshimī, Urdū Ghazal: Na’ī Tashkīl, Islāmābād: National Book Foundation, 2008, p. 257.
21. Fakhr al Ḥaqq Nūrī, Nasrī Naẕm, Lahore: Maktabah ‘Āliyah, 1989, p. 94.
22. Anwar Sadeed, Dr., Urdū Adab kī Mukhtaṣar Tārīkh, Islāmābād: Muqtadirah Qaumī Zabān, 1991, p. 513.
23. Ṭāriq Hāshimī, Urdū Ghazal: Na’ī Tashkīl, Islāmābād: National Book Foundation, 2008, p. 165.
24. Urdū Ghazal par Bīswin Ṣadī kī Adabī Taḥrīkoṅ aur Rujḥānāt ke Asarāt, ‘Ābid Ḥusain, NAML University, Islāmābād, p. 363.
25. ibid, p. 369.
26. Ẕafar Iqbāl, Raṭab o Yābis, Lahore: Jang Publishers, 1991, pp. 103–104.
27. ibid, pp. 97–98.
28. Salīm Aḥmad, Bayāẕ, Karāchī: Dhank Publishers, 1966, p. 50.
29. ibid, p. 43.
30. https//fb.watch/cEyPrBrZ3B/
31. Kāshif Nu‘mānī, Ak Taigh Ak Sitārah, Faisalābād: Misāl Publishers, 2008, pp. 24–25.
32. ibid, p. 25.
33. Kāshif Nu‘mānī, “Ghazal meṅ Ḥarf i Rawi ke Khātimē kā A‘lān,” mashmūlah Adab i Mu‘allā, Lahore, jild 13, shumarah 2, April–June 2019, p. 223.
34. Kāshif Nu‘mānī, Ak Taigh Ak Sitārah, Faisalābād: Misāl Publishers, 2008, pp. 141–142.
35. Ra’ūf Ḥasan Khān, Dr., “Ghazal meṅ Ḥarīf kā Discourse,” mashmūlah Adab i Mu‘allā, Lahore, January–March 2020, p. 13.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Dr. Irfan Ahsan Pasha, Dr Saira Irshad, Dr Asia Rani, Memoona Sehar (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
