TAṢDĪQ is a Bi-annual Research Journal of Urdu Language & Literature. It is an HEC (Higher Education Commission, Pakistan) approved journal in the Y category. It is a bilingual, double-blind, peer-reviewed, open-access publication established by the Department of Urdu, Riphah International University, Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Riphah International University, Faisalabad Campus
Josh Malih Abadi's name has a unique place in the history of Urdu literature as a shining and brilliant chapter in terms of poetic aspects and creative energy. While Josh is a poet with a lively heart and mind and an open eye. With its free nature and a vast sea of words and phrases. Like the great poets, his style of using words and phrases is unparalleled and unique, and his great place in Urdu poetry is established with all distinctions. Josh wrote modern and ancient Ghazal like Hali, and if there is anything wrong with the Ghazal, he tried to write it in a new style. It is as if Josh claimed to have included glorious subjects in the Ghazal, leaving out the general themes. Due to this effort, the new style of Ghazal has more resemblance to the poem. However, this ode-like Ghazali also has its own style, and it has a very deep colour of the individuality of passion. If you think about it, in the Ghazal of passion, you can see beautiful and intoxicating performances about the beauty of the beloved, the colourful and charming nature of the beloved, and the head of pleasure and fun.
Copyright (c) 2022 Dr Waseem Abbas Gull, Rashid ul Haq, Hina Naseem (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ناول لہو رنگ فلسطین : ماضی، حال، مستقبل کے تناظر میں
Lahoo Rang Palestine" is very important in novel writing. It shows the change in every field of life on a global scale. These important changes have taken place at the political, economic, cultural, and social levels and have affected the entire era. In the present era, many traditions and values ​​have been broken, and the system that has been in place for years has been disrupted. There have been many losses, but some good results. People's thoughts and feelings changed. In this novel, alongside science and art, certain movements also took place that have affected the intellect and consciousness of the present age. A new philosophical perspective on life began, and these new ideas and thoughts seemed to be in tune with the old traditions. During this period, complex issues of minorities, exploitation of minorities, sectarianism, political corruption, youth issues, the crisis of civilisation and values, and misdeeds of the ruling class began to be written on the page. Novel writing has been the cradle of civilisation from the very beginning. Various arts flourished in it. Literature, philosophy, history, etc., in Urdu have undergone extraordinary development. India has been a land of development of various disciplines in which literature has a special significance. Different languages ​​are spoken here, and different languages ​​have their literary capital. The novel is considered a style of storytelling anyway. The novel is a genre of literature that is very interesting because the canvas of the novel is much wider than other genres of literature.
Copyright (c) 2022 Irfan Ali Mujahid, Dr Bushra Ilmuddin, Dr Shazia Andleeb (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Civilisation arises with man’s evolution, from caves to remarkable buildings. It is the embodiment of all human races, creeds and traditions. Man is the basic unit of civilisation. Necessities of life, geological circumstances and socio-political rules are the affecting factors of civilisation. It includes all material as well as spiritual activities that man adopts for his stability on earth. Folklore, moral rituals, philosophy, socio-economic activities, religion, culture and ideologies are different progressive steps of human civilisation. It gives a specific identity to a nation at all levels. Civilization distinguish man from other creations and grows from generation to generation. There is a big confusion between the words culture and civilisation. Culture is the expression of the moral and spiritual behaviour of a man that creates uniformity and discipline among different members of society, while civilisation describes all evolutionary steps that man takes to live on land. Culture and civilisation are the two sides of the same coin.
Copyright (c) 2022 Javeed Iqbal, Dr. Rabia Sarfraz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
احمد فراز کی شاعری میں صنائع بدائع کا منفرد رنگ
Ilme Badee (Rhetoric) is an important branch of knowledge that deals with poetry. In this branch of knowledge, those tools and standards are discussed that play an important role in evaluating poetry and other related genres. The ways and means to achieve the beauty of poetry are discovered through it. The verse is adorned with the qualities of diction and meaning. These are called “Sana e lafzi and Sana e Manvi". Though Ahmed Faraz did not deliberately try to use these Sana-e-lafzi-o- Manavi, as the classical master poets used to do, his command over the rules of rhetoric and principles of poetics is unprecedented among his contemporaries. Instead of using these Sanae Badae as ornaments, Ahmed Faraz uses them to extend their meaning beyond their boundaries. A long-range Sanae Badae is found in his poetry, which beautifies his contents and the forms as well. In this article, 34 Sanae Lafzi (with different kinds) and 18 Sanae Manvi have been identified in Faraz`s poetry. His individuality is reflected through this Sanae badae. The particular trait of Ahmed Faraz is that he has not merely used "sanae badae” on a word level, but rather he has utilised these “ilme byaan and ilme e maani” in a broad spectrum. On account of these qualities, his poetry is regarded as a beautiful combination of musicality and meaningfulness. Ahmed Faraz is a modern poet, but his modernity is deeply rooted in classical values. He, actually, derives the beauty of poetry from the classical system of values comprising “Sana e lafzi and Sana e Manvi". His individuality lies in blending both of the values of the systems, i.e., classicism and modernism.
Copyright (c) 2022 Dr. Muhammad Afzal Safi , Muhammad Jalal Ud Din Nomani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The short story is an important part of Urdu literature and deals with a wide range of life dimensions, but most short stories of Gulzar concern the trauma of the partition of the subcontinent in 1947. He critically observed these incidents by himself, so the violence generated as a result of this partition leaves a deep impact on him. No doubt he is a living legend and a great writer; his writings gained momentum with the phenomenal narration, which is full of expressions, feelings, emotions and questions about the politics and political leaders of that time. Gulzar is a perfect story writer with his charismatic and unique style. This article reveals and examines the artistic aspects of his literary craftsmanship with a special reference to his contribution, not only in the field of literature but also to history and politics.
Copyright (c) 2022 Bushra Ilmuddin, Dr Shazia Andleeb, Dr Sadaf Naqvi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Postmodernism is a modern, contemporary theory. It gave birth to too many theories and ideas. One of the most important theories is feminism. This theory influenced the fiction Urdu novels have also been influenced by postmodernism. That is why fiction writers have written postmodern novels. Which are different from Classical novels. The characters in these novels are also different from the traditional characters. Nowadays, characters are being created in novels that can be called postmodern. Musharraf Aalim Zouqi is one of the greatest novelists of our time. He wrote many novels, one of the most important of which is the novel Naala e Shab Geer. The story of this novel consists of seven parts, which have been given different titles. Which are as follows: Dasht-e-Khauf, Atash-e-Gul, Rig-e-Jinnu, Bahr-e-Zalamat, Wadi-e-Israr, Barish-e-Sang, and Safar-e-Akhar-e-Shab. The characters are portrayed in different ways. There is a story hidden in each title. His novel Naala-e- shubgeer presents the postmodernist concepts of women. Nahid Naz is a rebellious woman who wants to live a life of her own free will. That's why she wants to keep her husband under her control, and she rules over her husband in every way, just as men rule over their wives. She asks her husband to do women's work. Sometimes she wears him a saari, sometimes she asks him to apply lipstick. One night, she orders her husband to leave the house and also tortures him; therefore, she emerges as a postmodern woman. This article critically examines Naheed Naz's postmodern behaviour.
Copyright (c) 2022 Dr. Naeema Bibi, Dr. Robina Parveen, Ghazal Yaqub (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
تاریخی اورسیاسی تناظر میں ناول" صدیوں کی زنجیر" کا مطالعہ
Razia Fasih Ahmed is an important contemporary writer. He has a keen eye for the changes taking place in society. Sadion ki Zanjeer is one of his most important novels written in the context of “Fall of Dhaka”. In this novel, he presented the historical facts regarding the tragedy of East Pakistan in three periods, namely “manzar, pasmanzar” and “paish manzar”. After the Fall of Dhaka, the people of East Pakistan, who were suffering from misconceptions about independence, realised that it was a conspiracy. The author has stated all these facts very clearly in this novel. He also described the wrong decisions taken by West Pakistan at the political and economic levels. This novel is also an excellent account of the cultural situation of East Pakistan. In this article, the incident of “Fall of Dhaka” has been presented as a historical tragedy because of the mental and psychological conditions of the characters.
Copyright (c) 2022 Dr. Shiraz Fazal Dad, Ms Maria Termizi, Dr Ghulam Farida (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Every genre of literature transforms with time through the means of form and content. Ghazal is the most popular and form-based genre of Urdu Literature. Though very confirmed and defined in its structure and form, Ghazal has also changed its structure and form with time. Especially in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, when new experiments are being performed, particularly with the casting of this ancient kind of literature, Ghazal underwent many transformations in the name of modernity. This article encompasses these changes and modernization of Urdu Ghazal in the contemporary era and the near past.
Copyright (c) 2022 Dr. Irfan Ahsan Pasha, Dr Saira Irshad, Dr Asia Rani, Memoona Sehar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
مُلّا فاضل کی شاعری پر عربی و فارسی زبانوں کے اثرات
Mulla Fazil is considered one of the pioneers of nineteenth-century poetry, whose poetry features many linguistic twists and turns. Arabic and Persian vocabularies dominate his poetry to the extent that Balochi becomes a secondary language. By the way, it is not Fazil alone; Arabic and Persian left imprints on the Balochi poetry of that era. These impacts have occurred at both the academic and religious levels because most poets studied at seminaries where Persian and Arabic were taught. The Arabic and Persian words and themes appear in most of his poems, simultaneously, in each of his poems. Some stanzas are entirely in the Arabic or Persian language. Most of the “Balochi Middle Age” poets were well-versed in Arabic and Persian. Consequently, a wide chunk of Arabic and Persian words entered Mulla Fazil's poetry, which has been demonstratively discussed in the following article.
Copyright (c) 2022 Abdul Raziq, Mohammad Farooq Anjum (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
اسلامیہ یونیورسٹی بہاولپور میں تدریس ِ اقبالیات کا تحقیقی جائزہ
The essay focuses on the efforts made by Jamia Islamia Bahawalpur in promoting the thought and message of Iqbal. The state of Bahawalpur was founded in 1727 and remained till its emergence with the province of Punjab in 1955, following the partition of India. All aspects considered, the state was exemplary in Islamic traditions. Inspired by Jamia Al Azhar and following its academic pursuits, Jamia Abbasia was established in June 1925. In 1964, it was taken into the custody of the Endowment Department after partition, and finally, in 1975, it was titled “The Islamia University of Bahawalpur”- a name that remains to date. In 1977, the Department of Urdu and Iqbaliat was founded, and thereafter the university embarked upon a journey of research. From MA to PhD, several articles have been written to date, and an Iqbal society has taken the responsibility of promoting Iqbal’s message into its hands. On November 9th, 2020, the foundation of a separate department of Iqbaliat was declared, specifically designed to serve the purpose of making Iqbal’s message known nationwide and further worldwide, trying to progress into something more lasting. In this article, the efforts of Islamia University, Bahawalpur, for Iqbaliat have been analysed along with a further analysis of the topics of articles written and their standard.
Copyright (c) 2022 Dr. Muhammad Ramzan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
مقطعوں کی روشنی میں احمد ندیمؔ قاسمی کے ذہنی رجحانات
Ahmed Nadeem was acclaimed to a high pedestal in modern Urdu poetry; his ghazal in particular attracted numerous readers and critics. In ghazal poetry, the last couplet (Maqta) carries immense importance. In Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi's ghazal art, one may observe the beautiful final couplet (Maqta) featuring varied subjects and thought processes. His Maqta expresses his intellectual inclinations and aptness in a specific style. This research article briefly explores the diversity of thought and intellectual perspectives. We read that his Maqta embraces a wide range of topics, including existentialism, the concept of God, the certainty and uncertainty of faith, empiricism, and humanism. In his Maqta, one may encounter a new world of meanings: the world of love and hate, the meeting and departure of the lover and the beloved, and the agony of knowledge and ignorance. The helplessness of man to acquaint himself with life and its upheavals, and his countering strategies.
Copyright (c) 2022 Dr. Tayyaba Nighat, Dr Afsheen Shaukat (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Urdu poetry is a beautiful picture of the cultures of the sub-continent. It consists of norms, symbols, ideas, dresses, eatables, crockery, romantic heroes, dialects and folk stories of the multicultural society of Indo-Pak. Urdu poets portrayed the culture of Bengal, Bihar, Hyderabad, Lucknow, Bombay, Gujarat, Delhi, Kashmir, Afghanistan, Tribal, Sindh, Balochistan, and Punjab. This Article is about the portrayal of Punjabi culture in Akhtar Shirani's poetry. He sketched the Punjabi culture in his poems beautifully. His poetic verses and style describe the cultural elements of the civilisation of Punjab. His loud voice is full of colourful aspects of his soil. He is warmly attached to his culture. His poetry is a beautiful metaphor for Punjab's culture, which inspires the reader regarding nature's aspects. He elaborates on the rural and urban life of Punjab.
Copyright (c) 2022 Dr. Asma Ghulam Rasool, Dr Zafar Hussain Haral (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
سرگذشت:مرزا عزیز فیضانی دارا پوری کی غیر مطبوعہ خود نوشت
Mirza Aziz Faizani Darapuri was a relatively lesser-known but prolific poet and writer of the Twentieth century. He has written admirable poetry in Persian, Urdu, and Punjabi. His poetry and articles were published in the leading newspapers and literary journals of his time. He lived a short but meaningful life and taught the Muslim Ummah a united and practical life through his poetry and writings. He was truly the heir and follower of poets like Maulana Hali, Akbar Allhabadi, Allama Iqbal and Zafar Ali Khan. He wrote many books in poetry and prose. A few books were published during his lifetime, but many remain unpublished. His autobiography, Sarguzasht, is also included in these unpublished books. His autobiography, despite its brevity, is a true reflection of the important events and circumstances of his life. This autobiography is an important addition to the biographical literature of Urdu in terms of the authenticity of its text, simplicity of expression and charm of language. This article provides a detailed introduction to Mirza Aziz Faizani's autobiography as well as its value and importance.
Copyright (c) 2022 Dr. Arshad Mahmood Nashad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The book of Proverbs lies in the Old Testament. Beautiful and wise sayings of Prophet Solomon, Sang of the Songs and Proverbs are considered the masterpieces that reflect the highest rank of poetry and the most influential sayings. The book of Proverbs consists of seven (7) sections and thirty-one (31) chapters. The first section (chapters 1-9) consists of sayings of Solomon in which the father or teacher advises his son or students. The second section consists of two parts, the first part (10-14) contrasting the righteous and the wicked, and the second (15-22:16) addressing wise and foolish speech. Verse 22:17 opens ‘the words of the wise’, until verse 24:22, with short moral discourses on various subjects. Verses 24:23-34 also belong to the wise’s chapters 25-29, which are proverbs of Solomon composed by “the men of Hezekiah”, contrasting the just and the wicked. Proverbs 30 is ‘The words of Agur’, the last chapter, 31 consists of the words of King Lemuel and the proverbs of the ideal wise woman. This article describes the composition of proverbs and throws light on the importance of these golden sayings.
Copyright (c) 2022 Muhammad Hafeez, Dr. Saeed Ahmad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ibrahim Jalees’ reportage “Sheher” is a masterpiece of non-fiction literature. The cultural and traditional life of Bombay city is the main subject. The writer has tried to represent the helpless and miserable urban life, probing into its artificial brightness. Also, it is the sorrowful lamentation of the valuelessness of ancient literature, culture, values and social life in the artificial glittering capitalist civilisation. All the above issues have been addressed with a literary spell and beauty. The struggle for livelihood can be observed in this reportage. This “Reportage” is a literary and historical document about the multicultural civilisation and society’s representation of the city’s development.
Copyright (c) 2022 Humaira, Dr. Shahida Rasool (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
تحقیق میں التباس سے پیدا ہونے والے مسائل
Research plays an important role in our lives. In research, to speak the truth is a difficult task, but it is the requirement of pure research. The search for truth is called research. There are many difficulties in the way of research. But some problems are caused by convenience, haste and carelessness. Illusion also arises as a result of this haste. Iltbass (confusion) means doubting one thing over another. If there are two authors of the same name, the probability increases, and the situation becomes like the author of a “Nairang-e-Khiyal”. Identifying these errors opens up new ways for researchers.
Copyright (c) 2022 Dr Sumaira Shafee, Dr Rubina Yasmeen (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ڈاکٹر طاہر تونسوی بطور محقق ِمسعود حسن رضوی ادیب
Dr Tahir Taunsvi is a well-known and acclaimed researcher, critic, and poet of the Urdu language and literature. His more than seventy remarkable books (compilations and compositions) are a great contribution to Urdu research and criticism. He has also written more than three hundred valuable research articles. He introduced many literary personalities to the arena of the Urdu language and literature. Prominent Indian researcher and critic Syed Masood Hassan Rizvi Adeeb and his literary dimensions are an important field of Dr Tahir Taunsvi’s research work. In this article, the authors have presented an analytical study of the following four research books of Dr Tahir Taunsvi. Masood Hassan Rizvi Adeeb: Hayat Aur Karnamay, Lakhnawyat_e _Adeeb, Razm Nama Anees O Dabeer Taaruf O Taqabal, Masood Hassan Rizvi Adeeb, Kitabyaat. In these detailed and comprehensive research books, the author has unfolded the life history, different literary dimensions (especially as a critic, researcher, and poet), and the worth of literary achievements of Syed Masood Hassan Rizvi Adeeb. This study not only unveils the salient features of these exceptional research books of Dr Tahir Taunsvi also throws light on the multidimensional literary aspects of the renowned writer Masood Hassan Rizvi Adeeb.
Copyright (c) 2022 Dr. Qamar Abbas, Dr. Qaisar Aftab Ahmad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
آغازِ زبانِ اُردو کے روایتی نظریات: تحقیقی و تنقیدی جائزہ
Urdu is the third-largest language spoken in the world. Many traditional theories were in vogue, as far as their origin is concerned, before the advent of modern linguistics. Mir Aman Dehlvi, in the foreword of his famous "Bagh-o-Bahar," claimed that Urdu originated in "army camp or Bazar" for which it was termed as "Urdu zaban or Lashkari zaban (language of army camp)" and used for communication in the era of Mughal emperor Akbar. This theory misled many scholars, and various traditional theories were presented by them based on Mir Aman’s formula of language construction. This article is a critical analysis of traditional theories of the origin of the Urdu Language.
Copyright (c) 2022 Aamir Rasheed, Dr Rauf Parekh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Reflection of Thematic Representations of Ghalib’s Poetry in English Translations
Literature, art and all its genres are always engaged in creating a vast landscape by transcending the oppression and limitations of history and civilisation. The sphere of expression of the greatest human emotions is not confined to any class, region or scenario and is always immortalised on the scale of time. While great poetry organises the feelings of an individual, it also becomes a means of exposing them to new feelings and then harmonises these feelings with nature and civilisation by giving them modesty and purity. Ghalib's poetry is also great, in the sense that Ghalib has created his own unique poetic universe with creative essence, collective memory and poetic innovations. Ghalib's greatness rests on the fact that he has seen life through his eyes and is the spokesperson of the basic values of our civilisation. The culture created by the Subcontinent over centuries, the heart of this civilisation, is felt in Ghalib's personality and poetry. Kalam-e- Ghalib is a great asset of this civilisation and culture. The most important problem for the interpreter of any literary and poetic text is the recovery of cultural values ​​and identity, and it is not so easy to capture them in translation. In the background of every word of the language, there is its own culture, its own history, and with the passage of time, the same is reflected in its meanings. In the translation of poetry, the reflection of cultural exchange and cultural context is a hard task for the translator. However, the aspect of discovery and non-discovery remains in interpretation. The creative use of symbols, metaphors, and similes in Ghalib's poem has put the translators in a difficult position. In translation, it is very difficult to carve out alternatives to capture the state of meaning and gestures and impressions that arise from the interplay of symbols, metaphors, and similes. In such a case, cultural exchange and interpretation of the cultural context and the passing of the meaning in the translation are not easy anyway. This Article is an attempt to highlight the difficulties and uncertainties that face translators during the process of translating Mirza Ghalib’s poetry. In the article under review, an attempt has been made to compare and analyse the translations of Kalam-e-Ghalib so that, in the form of comparison and analysis, the competence of the translators can be displayed as well as the standard patterns can be reflected. This comparative study will also make it clear which translators are familiar with the classical tradition of the Urdu ghazal, its lyricism, contexts, themes, and how successful they were in representing Ghalib’s poetry.
Copyright (c) 2022 Dr Muhammad Qasim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Franz Kafka was a prominent literary figure in 20th century of European literature. Franz Kafka has been called everything from a modernist to an existentialist, a fantasy writer to a realist. His work almost stands alone as its own subgenre, and the adjective ‘Kafkaesque’ – whose meaning, like the meaning of Kafka’s work, is hard to pin down- has become well-known even to people who have never read a word of Kafka’s writing. Perhaps inevitably, he is often misinterpreted as being a gloomy and humourless writer about nightmarish scenarios, when this at best conveys only part of what he is about. He was brought up in a middle-class German family. He wrote many novels on different themes. “The trial” is one of them. It was written in 1914 and was published posthumously in 1925 in the German language. It was translated into English by Willa and Edwin Muir in 1937. It is his best-known work. It is the story of Joseph K, a respectable bank officer, who is arrested by an inaccessible authority, although he has done nothing wrong. One year later, two warders come again for K. They take him to a quarry outside of town and kill him in the name of the law. Through the struggle of that specific character, he criticised the modern bureaucracy. It is also described as an existentialist novel because it represents the absurdity of the world and the nightmare of intersubjectivity. In this article, the above-mentioned themes are discussed with proper references.
Copyright (c) 2022 Dr. Sumaira Akbar, Dr Abdul Aziz Malik, Dr Rabia Sarfraz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
اُردواورپنجابی کے باہمی تراجم:روایت واہمیت
Human being uses language to convey their messages, emotions, feelings, observations and experiences to others. For this, language was used as spoken and written language, and different languages came into existence due to geographical boundaries and linguistic groups. And for those who know one language, it is commonly not possible to know another language. Human emotions and feelings are expressed in one language in speech or writing, which the other language knower is generally unable to understand. Thus, there was a need to translate this expression into another language, which was called Translation. This Tradition of translation is also found in the Urdu language. Urdu is also influenced by international and regional languages, and it has also had its effects on these languages, that are why there is a wide and coherent series of translations of international literature into Urdu and Urdu literature into foreign languages. On the other hand, there is a strong tradition of Urdu translations of regional languages such as Sindhi, Seraiki, Pashto, Balochi, Brahui and Punjabi literature, and a well-built tradition of translation from Urdu literature into these regional languages. In this article, we will discuss the tradition and importance of Urdu to Punjabi and Punjabi to Urdu translations.
Copyright (c) 2022 Dr. Aasma Rani, Dr. Aqsa Naseem Sindhu, Dr. Sadaf Naqvi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
جدید نعت میں علمی و سائنسی افکار: بحوالہ معراج
Naat is a genre of poetry, traditionally enriched with feelings of love and affection for the Holy Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H.), which has long been a way of expressing a modern sensibility invested in it by Iqbal. Iqbal, having sound knowledge of modern theories and scientific discoveries, introduced a new flavour of Naat. His Naatia Verses are a beautiful combination of traditional and nontraditional content. He was the first poet to describe the scientific implications of Mairaaj in many of his poems, verses, and couplets. Under the influence of Muhammad Iqbal, a new type of Naat writing started. Especially during the past four or five decades, poets started describing the greatness of prophethood, the grandeur of being a mankind and the marvellous mysteries of miracles in a way inspired by theories, concepts and ideas based on scientific knowledge. In this article, an effort has been made to explain how the essence of this modern age penetrated the contents of modern Naat. Modern Urdu literature, concerning Naat-e-Rasool (P.B.U.H), is a beautiful combination of faithfulness and unprecedented literary values. In this era, the scientific approach and the nobility of the subject matter are the natural beauty of this genre. Now modern Naat is no less than Ghazal or any other genre regarding the usage of literary devices and modern sensibility.
Copyright (c) 2022 Dr Tahira Inam, Dr Fatima Jalal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
اقبال کی شاعری میں افرنگ و خاور کی کشمکش
Iqbal must be considered the last flag-bearer of Persian poetry in the subcontinent. He poeticised his thoughts and ideas and used Urdu & Persian as a mode of expression to introduce Eastern traditions to the world. On one hand, he criticised the shallow culture and civilisation of the West; on the other side, he also targeted Eastern monasticism and passivism. According to Iqbal, the West is led by trade and commercialism, while Eastern thoughts are still dominated by monasticism; that is why the West undergoes continuous change, while the East is stranded and resists change. Iqbal desires to change the Muslim world and encourages Muslims to learn and benefit from modern Western knowledge. While the West is thriving with modern knowledge and technology, the East is rusted with old traditions and myths. Mainly, Muslims were surrounded by a lot of superstitions.
Copyright (c) 2022 Dr. Ali Kavousi Nejad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Urdu is an ancient Aryan language associated with Sanskrit. Its history in India dates back about 1500 years. The form came into being, which met the standard of literature. This is how the evolutionary journey of Urdu began. Early specimens of Urdu are found in northern India. Amir Khosrow has tried his hand at all genres of prose. Urdu language words are often found together. That is why all Urdu and Hindi people recognise him as their poet. He used common-sense language in his speech, which was very clear. Therefore, it is appropriate that Amir Khosrow has accepted the influence of Punjabi, a dialect. The great heritage of Urdu is also found in the Deccan, who worked for the promotion & publication of this language. Therefore, the early impressions of Urdu are ancient. Among the earliest works of prose are Khawaja Ashraf Jahangir's Magazine and Khawaja Banda Nawaz Gesu Daraz's Miraj-e-Aashiqeen. The most important work of the century is Sub Ras. Another name of this book is Qissa Husan-o-Adal. The Urdu language is slowly developing.
Copyright (c) 2022 Tayaba Waliyat Khan, Dr. Rukhsana Bibi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
This article is part of a course evaluation project at Allama Iqbal Open University, one of the largest universities in Pakistan and the main university offering education through the Distance Learning System. The first part of this project was a quantitative analysis of the responses of students to the course evaluation survey, whereas this article presents a qualitative analysis of open-ended questions asked to students studying the Phonology course and teachers teaching this course at the Islamabad and Rawalpindi campuses of the university. The students presented their point of view regarding the three components under inquiry and suggested improvements in the course by upgrading the course contents and improving the quality of tutorial support.
Copyright (c) 2022 Dr Ubaidullah Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
متن سے انحراف کی بین مثال : Interpretations of Ghalib
“Ghalib: A Critical Appreciation of His Poetry and Life”, written by Dr Syed Abdul Latif and published in 1928, is the first regular work in English on Mirza Ghalib. In this book, Dr Latif has tried to examine Ghalib's poetry in the context of English poetry. Later on, “The Life and Odes of Ghalib” by Abdullah Anwar Beg was published in 1940, along with Ghalib’s biography and the translation of his selected poems. “Interpretations of Ghalib” is the book that, for the first time, consciously presents the translation of selected poems of Diwan-e-Ghalib. This article critically evaluates "Interpretations of Ghalib" by J. L. Kaul. It was published by Atama Ram & Sons, Delhi, in 1957. In these interpretations, 326 (three hundred and twenty-six) verses have been selected from Ghalib’s Poetry. These selections are interpreted under the themes of Interrogation, One Art, One Life, One Love, etc. The book is significant as it contains only the selected renderings, not a biography. As far as the quality of these translations is concerned, the book under review is not a good example. In “Interpretations of Ghalib”, Pandit Jayalal Kaul has tried to make his interpretations of the name of Ghalib. To what extent have these interpretations succeeded in representing the source text? An analysis of this will be provided in this article with examples. Kaul has not limited himself to translation, but has also added a lot to clarify the idea, and has expanded and even amended the meanings. J. L. Kaul failed to transmit the style and meanings of Ghalib's poetry effectively.
ادب و ثقافت کے فروغ میں الحمرا آرٹس کونسل کا کردار
Alhamra Arts Council is the largest cultural centre of Pakistan with international recognition. It has emerged as a centre of cultural activities in the last 70 years. Alhamra gave new life to many dying arts. Through the platform of Alhamra, the youth are trained by expert teachers in various arts at a very low cost. People of great academic, literary and social importance have been holding their administrative positions. It is best known for drama. Many renowned artists, especially from the field of drama, have been expressing their talent through this platform. Not only fiction or drama, but painting, dance, music, sculpture, all genres of literature and culture were promoted by Alhamra. All the national and religious festivals are also celebrated here, and the literary festivals held here have made Pakistan's name abroad. Alhamra has certainly emerged as the face of Pakistani culture.
Copyright (c) 2023 Sadaf Qayyum, Dr. Samia Ahsan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
اکیسویں صدی کی اردو شاعری میں آبی ماحولیاتی مسائل: تجزیاتی مطالعہ
Ecocriticism is an emerging discourse in literary studies. It is the study of the relationship between literature and the physical environment. Ecocriticism as a concept first arose in the late 1970s, at a meeting of the WLA. Ecocriticism deals with environmental pollution like air, noise, thermal, radioactivity, land, and water pollution. Urdu poetry has expanded so much on the thematic level that all the problems of life have been included in it. Along with other environmental problems, water-related issues are also highlighted in the Urdu poetry of the 21st century. The importance of Water cannot be repudiated, and the significance of this biological essence has even extended the human quest to the discovery of exoplanets through launching powerful telescopes like Hubble and the James Webb, at a cost of billions of dollars and human genius. But this is an ironic situation as all this scientific advancement and achievements come at the cost of depleting the resources of planet Earth; resultantly going to put humanity on the verge of extinction. 70% of our planet is covered with water reservoirs, and out of it 4% is potable, which runs into streams and rivers to fulfil the needs of human beings, but regrettably, man is contaminating and intoxicating these drinkable as well as non-drinkable resources, and this process is coming with great speed. This article has brought up this issue with reference to Urdu literature in the limelight and how water contamination is affecting human beings and aquatic life. The installation of industries within communities is puking out toxic wastes into rivers and streams, and likewise, maritime transport is hazardous for marine life, and it has been highlighted by the poets and writers through their masterpieces. This article will help us to understand and comprehend what the courtesy literature has shown on this serious issue of humanity. Ecocriticism, hence, has addressed issues related to water pollution and its impact on the health of human and aquatic life.
Copyright (c) 2023 Abdullah Naeem Rasul, Dr. Atta Rasul (Shakir Kandan) (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
رشید امجد کے افسانے ”بگل والا“ کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ
Rasheed Amjad is one of the renowned Urdu short story writers of recent times. His stories have varied implications; his most frequently used tool of story writing is symbolism. Under the dictatorship eras of Pakistan, there was binding over freedom of speech and thoughts. He wrote numerous short stories to highlight the political suppression. The social inequality and unfulfillment of human desires. This research article is an effort to bring forth the aforementioned aspects and their depiction in Rasheed Amjad's Short stories. The short story" Bigul Wala" highlights the same views of the writer.
Copyright (c) 2023 Dr. Tayyaba Nighat, Dr Uzma Bashir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
اردو مکتوباتی ادب پر عمر خیام کی فکر کے اثرات
The correspondence literature in Urdu is almost two hundred years old. By studying the art and evolution of Urdu letters, it becomes clear that all kinds of subjects can be immersed in this genre, and there is no limitation on the subject. These are literary achievements on which life is flowing smoothly. They have the great ability to capture present, future, and past plans, positions & scales, opinions, and thoughts. From the vicissitudes of emotions and the commitment of relationships to the gravity of historical facts and glimpses of objectivity are only found in the genre of lettering. This is the reason, why civilisation, history, society, culture, politics, and literature, there is no such corner of life that is not described in this genre. The necessity, importance, and utility of letters from famous literary celebrities have been recognised from time to time. The proof of this is not only available in the collection of books published in large numbers but also in the correspondence numbers of magazines. One approach to writing in Urdu is that it used to follow the Persian style. A critical or analytical study of the writings and creations of academic and literary figures and their historical arrangement is not possible with full confidence until we have access to the writings that are written in the form of letters. In this article, a study of the impact of Hakim Omar Khayyam's thoughts on Urdu literature correspondence has been presented. In this context, Urdu letters include comments on the exclusion of Omar Khayyam's Rubaiyat, his living conditions, and his works, which have been elaborated on by famous literary figures in their letters.
Copyright (c) 2023 Shahab Uddin Shah, Dr. Muhammad Asif Awan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0