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Jacques Derrida’s Theory of Deconstruction

Abstract

Deconstruction is among the most influential philosophical and critical approaches to emerge in the late twentieth century. Associated with Derrida, it challenges Western metaphysical assumptions about fixed meaning, absolute truth, presence, origin, stability, and a transcendental center. This study explores its concept, background, and theoretical dimensions, especially for literary criticism. It argues that deconstruction is not the destruction of a text but a critical practice exposing the contradictions, silences, exclusions, and tensions that produce meaning. It examines Derrida's engagement with Saussure, Nietzsche, Husserl, and Heidegger, and his works, including Of Grammatology, Writing and Difference, and Dissemination. Key concepts include différance, trace, supplement, iterability, logocentrism, phonocentrism, binary oppositions, decentering, and aporia. These concepts show that meaning is never present or self-contained, but is produced through difference, deferral, repetition, and interrelation of signs. Deconstruction does not imply the absence of meaning or the validity of every interpretation; it stresses plurality while attending to the structures that constrain reading. In literary criticism, it shifts attention from authorial intention toward language, marginal elements, and suppressed possibilities. It concludes that deconstruction is a practice of reading, not a fixed method, and that applying it to Urdu criticism can open new ways of rereading classical and modern texts.